非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不**，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。独立主格结构自身不是语句，在语句中做状语，表時间、缘由、条件、随着、目的及状况等。

一、独立主格结构有8种基本句型如下：

1.“名词/代词+不定式”结构

由不定式构成的独立主格 结构往往表示还未发生的动作或状态，在句中常作原因状语，偶尔作条件状语。动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。例如：

His friends to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.他的朋友今晚要来，他正忙着**晚餐。

No one to wake me up,I might be late for the first class.如果没人叫醒我，我会错过第一节课的。

The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。

2.“名词/代词+现在分词”结构

现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。“独立结构”中的being或 having been有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。例如：

Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。

The man lay there, his hands trembling.那个男子躺在那儿，双手在**。

So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.那么多学生没到,会议不得不推迟。

His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep.做完作业后，汤姆睡着了。

All the money having been spent ,we started looking for work. 所有的钱都花光了，我们开始找工作。

In the middle of February,the weather being favorable for work,the workers began to repair and secure the dam of the river.仲春中旬，气候有助于工作，工大家开始补葺河坝。

3.“名词/代词+过去分词”结构

过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。例如：

The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.男孩仰卧着，双手交叉放在头下。

The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.工作没有完成，我们不能看电影了。

Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.她的衬衫被钉子钩住了，她动不了。

The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。

4.“名词/代词+名词”结构

名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。例如：

Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.许多人参加了这项工作，其中有些是妇女和儿童。

He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon.他与老虎搏斗，那是他唯一的武器。

His first shot failure，he fired again．他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。

5.“名词/代词+形容词”结构

形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。例如：

The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while.地面很湿,我们只好在外面呆一会儿。

I heard that she got injured in the accident， my heart full of sorry.我听说她在这场事故中受伤了,心中充满担忧。(形容词,表伴随)。

这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。

The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse．特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。Computers very **all, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。

6.“逻辑主语+副词”结构

副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。例如：

The meeting over, we all went home.会议结束，我们都回家了。

Nobody in, he left a message on the board.没有人在，我在黑板上留了一条消息

He sat at the table, head down.他低头头坐在桌子边。

The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。The lights off, we could not go on with the work.灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。

7.“逻辑主语+介词短语”结构

介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的**或者状态。例如：

The teacher came in, a book under his arm.老师在他的胳膊下夹着一本书进来了。

The hunter entered the forest， gun in hand．那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。

The boy followed that man here, and climbed in, sword in hand.少年跟那个人到这里，并爬了进来，手里拿着剑。

Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.家里没人很多东西都被小偷拿走。

He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm．他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，**地趴伏着。Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house，

a vast load of firewood on her back．每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。

8.“with/without”引导的独立主格结构（小编认为就是with/without复合结构）

A woman got on the bus with a baby around her arms.一位妇女**一个婴儿上了公共汽车。

The party was organized without her knowing anything about it.

聚会已操办妥当，她却一无所知。

Without wanting to criticize, I think you could have done better.

我不是想要批评谁，只是认为你本可以做得更好一些。

The teacher came in with several students following behind.

老师进来了，后面跟着几个学生。With a lot of things to deal with, he will have a difficult time.

有很多事情要处理，他会很困难的。With the work done, he went out to eat.

工作做完后，他出去吃饭了。He left the office with the lights on.

他开着灯离开了办公室。Mary rushed out of the house with the door open.

玛丽开着门冲出家门。

二、表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。

with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/名词/不定式/介词短语

举例: 他举着手站在那里。

He stood there, his hand raised.

= He stood there, with his hand raise.

典型例题

The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。

A. being tied　 B. having tied　　C. to be tied　　D. tied

答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.

谋杀者被带了进来，他的手被绑在背后。

注意:

1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：

当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词)，也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.( hand前不能加his)。

一个强盗手里拿着刀冲进房间。

2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。

He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

他躺在那里，咬紧牙关，双手**，眼睛直向上看。

典型例题：

Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.

A permitted　 B permitting　 C permits　 D for permitting

答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。

三、如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为

If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk.

然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。

表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。

(1) 作时间状语

The work done(=After the work had been done) , we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。

(2) 作条件状语

Weather permitting(＝If weather permits) , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。

(3) 作原因状语

An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 Today being Sunday, the library isn’t open.今天星期天，图书馆不开放。

　　(原因)改为从句:

　　As (Since) today is Sunday, the library isn’ t open.

　　例如:

　　There being no buses，we had to take a taxi. 没有汽车了，我们只好坐出租车了。

　　Because there were no buses, we had to take a taxi.

(4) 作伴随状语

He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head) . 他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。

(5) 表补充说明

A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold) . 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。

注：英语独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。

四、with 的复合结构与独立主格结构的区别

with复合结构：

with+宾语+宾语补足语（相当于名词、形容词或者副词的词或者短语）

With everything done, we feel quite relaxed.

一切都做完了，我们感到很轻松。

The teacher rushed in, with a strange book under his arm.

老师急忙跑了进来，胳膊下夹着一本奇怪的书。

独主格结构：

逻辑主语+相当于名词、形容词或者副词的词或者短语.以上两句可以改成：

Everything done, we feel quite relaxed.

The teacher rushed in, a strange book under his arm.

说明：不是每个句子都可以在两者之间转换的.总体讲,独立主格结构更简洁,常常可以省掉一些无关紧要的词,如,所有格、冠词等.如：他手里拿着一根棍子追强盗。

He ran after the robber, with a club in his hand.

He ran after the robber, club in hand.

具体区别还要看具体的情景和句子.常见的选择题中的选项,比如：with club in hand是错项,因为在with结构中a和his不能省略。即：

The teacher rushed in, with a strange book under his arm.

独立主格结构一般有句号和主句分隔。

The test finished, we began our holiday.

= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.

考試完毕了，我们开始放假。